University

Colleges

Stand Alone

Total

642

34852

11126

Response  in AISHE 2011-12

611
(95%)

20765
(60%)

5542
(50%)

Total number of Institutions after pooling data from AISHE 2010-11

621
(97%)

23203
(67%)

6676
(60%)

Among 642 Universities, 195 are privately managed. 232 Universities are located in rural area.  8 Universities are exclusively for women, 2 in Tamil Nadu & Rajasthan & 1 each in Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Karnataka & Maharashtra. There are 239 Affiliating Universities.

In addition to 1 Central and 13 State Open Universities, there are 108 Dual mode Universities, which offer education through distance mode. Out of 108 Dual mode Universities, the most are in Tamil Nadu. Among major States, in Jharkhand, neither there is any Open University nor any Dual Mode University. The state-wise details are given in the Box 1.

Among specialised Universities, the maximum are Technical Universities. The distribution among different specializations is shown in the Figure 1. State-wise distribution of Universities as per specialisation is shown in Table-2.

Except 7 States/Union Territories, namely, Andhra Pradesh, Chandigarh, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Uttrakhand, all the Universities have uploaded the data. In 4 Union Territories namely Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu and Lakshadweep, there are no Universities.

Box 2: State-wise details of Non-responding Universities

2.1.2    College
Only affiliated and constituent institutions of Central and State Universities have been counted as colleges. Constituent units of deemed/private universities, Off-campus centres and Recognised centres have not been counted as Colleges. There are 239 affiliating Universities and these have 34852 colleges. There are 13 Universities, which have 500 or more colleges. The number of Universities among different ranges of colleges is shown in the Box 3. Rajasthan University has the maximum number of colleges (997).

College density, i.e. the number of colleges per lakh eligible population (population in the age-group 18-23 years) varies from 6 in Bihar to 64 in Puducherry as compared to All India Average of 25. The top 6 states in terms of highest number of Colleges in India are Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Rajasthan & Tamil Nadu and out of them all States have more than 25 Colleges per lakh population except Uttar Pradesh. In Uttar Pradesh, there are 4828 Colleges and for every one lakh population there are 20 Colleges. Similarly Andhra Pradesh comes close second with 4815 Colleges and 48 Colleges per lakh population, which is highest in all these 6 States. Maharashtra comes at third position with 4566 Colleges & 34 Colleges per lakh population whereas Karnataka is at fourth position with 3068 Colleges and 41 Colleges per lakh population. Rajasthan comes at fifth position with 2670 Colleges and having College density 32. Tamil Nadu lastly has 2302 Colleges and 30 Colleges for every one lakh population. State-wise number of colleges and the density are shown in Table 4.

Most of the Colleges run only Under Graduate level programmes. Only 2.2% and 35% Colleges run Ph.D. and Post Graduate Level programmes respectively.

2.1.3   Stand Alone Institution
Stand Alone Institutions can be categorised into 5 categories as described below:
Type I- Diploma Level Technical Institutes such as Polytechnics, which are generally recognised by All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) and administered by State Directorate of Technical Education.
Type II- Diploma Level Teacher Training Institutes including District Institute of Education & Training (DIETs) recognised by National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) and generally administered by State Council for Education Research & Training (SCERT).
Type III- Diploma Level Nursing Institutes recognised by Indian Nursing Council (INC) and generally administered by State Nursing Council/Boards.
Type IV- PGDM (Post Graduate Diploma in Management) Institutes recognised by AICTE
Type V- Institutes directly under the control of various Central Ministries
Not only among States number of these Institutions varies largely, their responses are also much varied. Out of 11126 Stand Alone Institutions, 6676 have uploaded the data during 2011-12 survey. Type wise details are as under

In Gujarat and Chhattisgarh Polytechnics have been affiliated with the University and therefore they have not been counted as Stand-Alone Institution. The Polytechnics in these 2 States have been included in the Colleges. For the first time, Institutes under direct control of Central Ministries were identified and attempt was made to capture them in the survey.

Stand Alone Institutions are mainly run by Private sector (78.7%); Private unaided - 68.3% & Private aided – 10.4%. Only 21.3% Institutions are in Government sector. 54% Institutions are located in Rural Area.

2.2       STUDENT ENROLMENT

2.2.1    Level-wise Enrolment
Total Student enrolment has been classified in 8 levels across all the States of India viz – Ph.D., M.Phil., Post Graduate, Under Graduate, PG Diploma, Diploma, Certificate and Integrated. Percentage share of student enrolment in these levels are shown in Figure 6. State-wise and level-wise estimated enrolment is given in Table 6 estimated enrolment in Regular Mode is given in Table 6 (a).
The highest numbers of students are seen enrolled at Under Graduate level across India. Out of the total 2,91,84,331  students, a vast majority of 2,31,74,950  students are enrolled in Under Graduate that is a sweeping 79.4%. On the other hand, second to Under Graduate, 11.5% students are enrolled in Post-Graduation. These are approximately 33.7 lakh students out of 2.92 crore students across India. The student enrolment from UG going higher to PG is thus decreasing steeply. There is a small share of 7.1% students enrolled at Diploma level in India that amounts to around 20.7 lakh students and out of this majority students are enrolled in Technical, Teacher Training and Nursing. However, only 1.8 lakh students are enrolled at Certificate level whereas 1.9 lakh students are enrolled at PG Diploma levels, which are approximately 0.6% and 0.7% of the total share respectively. Ph.D., M.Phil. and Integrated levels also have less than 0.5% student enrolment. In shares of States, Tamil Nadu tops in the enrolment of students in Universities (including constituent units) with 9,38,022 in 2011-12. This is followed by Andhra Pradesh with 6,70,809 students enrolled and Maharashtra with 6,14,338 students. State-wise enrolment in responding University Teaching Departments alongwith its constituent Units and off campus centers is given in Table 7. State-wise enrolment in responding Colleges and Stand Alone institutions are given Table 8 and Table 9 respectively. As indicated in chapter 3, enrolment estimation has been done only for Under Graduate and Post Graduate level in Colleges and for which State-wise details is given in Table 10.

2.2.2    Programme-wise Enrolment (Based on Actual Response)

2.2.3    Discipline/Subject-wise Enrolment (Based on Actual Response)

At Ph.D level, maximum number of students is enrolled in Science stream followed by Social Science. On the other hand at PG level maximum students enrolled in Social Science stream and Science comes at number two. As regard to gender distribution, it is seen that among major sectors, Agriculture and Engineering sector has lowest female participation. Enrolment in major discipline/subject at Ph.D, PG and M.Phill level based on actual response is given in Table 13.

The percentage of students opting for Ph.D. after their PG is also calculated to see the trend. In Agriculture and Allied courses 17.56% of the students are opting for Ph.D. after their Post-Graduation followed by Science courses where 7.8% of the students are opting for Ph.D. after their PG. It is closely followed by Engineering & Technology in which 9.99% of the students are opting for Ph.D. and in Medical science there are 3.84% of the students. Social Science has 2.38% of students opting for Ph.D. after the PG course in the same field.

The total number of Ph.D. students in Agriculture and Allied courses is 2415 out of which 69.57% are male students. The stream is divided into 4 sub-streams which are Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry and Sericulture. At PG level 12372 students are enrolled in Agriculture & Allied sector. Agriculture sub-stream has total number of 12372 students with 70% of male students and 30% of female students.

Commerce stream has 3257 students enrolled in it for Ph.D. with 58% of the male students. At PG level, 2.12 lakh students are enrolled with 52.62% of the female students. IT & Computer have total number of 1033 students with 49.66% of male students at Ph.D. level and at PG level there are total number 2.58 lakh students.

Engineering & Technology stream is divided into 17 sub-streams with total number of 14,498 students enrolled for Ph.D and 1.45 lakh students at PG level. Mechanical Engineering has highest number of 1822 students enrolled for Ph.D. with 93.08% of male students. Computer engineering is the second highest having 1789 students with 62.72% of male students. At PG level also, Computer Engineering has highest number of 1,00,138 students with  46.25% of male students. There is total number of 2205 students enrolled in Ph.D. in foreign languages. Foreign language stream is divided into 5 sub streams and English is at the top of the list with the students enrolled for Ph.D. There are 1986 students enrolled in Ph.D. in English with 46.53% of male students and 53.47% of female students. French language has total number of 26 students enrolled in Ph.D.  57.7% of the total students are from female category. At PG level, there is total number of 13,771 students enrolled. Out of this total number 1,34,609 students are enrolled in English language with  59.8% of female students.

Home Science stream is divided into 2 sub streams with total number of 453 students enrolled for Ph.D. There are total number of 5011 students enrolled at PG level with 320 males and 4691 females. Home Science has total number of 3960 students with 3737 females and 223 males Nutrition has  1051 students at PG level with 954 females.

There is total number of 5714 students enrolled in Ph.D. in Indian languages which is divided into 11 sub-streams. The highest number of students is enrolled in Hindi language which is 1596 with 793 male students and 803 female students. Sanskrit has the second highest number of students. There are 1031 students enrolled in Sanskrit for Ph.D. with 609 males and 422 females. Altogether, at PG level, there are 2.34 lakh students enrolled out of which 1.43 lakh are females and 90,449 are males. Hindi with 65,247 students has the highest number of students enrolled at PG level. Out of that 63.04% are females and rest are males. Tamil has 33,620 students with 70.57% of female students. Telgu has 24,235 students enrolled at PG level with 55.8% of females. Bengali has total number of 22,268 students with 59.74% of females.

Medical Science has total number of 4434 Ph.D. students which is divided into 44 sub-streams. The highest number of students is enrolled in Pharmacy with 952 students having 691 males and 261 females. Ayurveda has total number of 203 students enrolled at Ph.D. level with 141 males and 62 females. Dentistry has 67 students, General medicine has 109 students and Nursing has 108 students enrolled at Ph.D. level. The number of total students at PG level is 1,15,403 with 51.83% of male students. Pharmacy has the highest number of students which is 30,618 with 57.3% of male students. Other major sub-streams in Medical Science at PG level are Nursing has 9505 students, Dentistry has 7164 students and General Medicine has 6012 students.

Science stream has 20,811 students enrolled for Ph.D. which is divided into 14 sub-streams such as Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics, and Zoology etc. Chemistry has the highest number of Ph.D. students which is 4558 with 2940 males and 1618 females. Physics has total number of 2825 students with 1887 males and 938 females. There is total number of 2347 students enrolled in Mathematics for Ph.D. out of which 1407 are males. Botany has 1607 students, Zoology has 1542 students, and Bio-Science has 1076 students enrolled for Ph.D. At PG level there are 3.33 lakh students enrolled in Science courses which are divided into 14 sub-streams. There are 84,537 students enrolled in Mathematics which is the highest among all the science streams. Out of the total, 55.15% are female students. Chemistry has enrolment of 73,984 students at PG level with 52.84% of male students. Physics has 36,954 students; Zoology has 27,581 students enrolled at PG level with 50.75% and 41.47% of males respectively. Zoology has higher number of female students.

Social Science stream has total number of 11,753 students enrolled for Ph.D. which is divided into 13 sub-streams. Out of this, Economics has the highest number of students enrolled in Ph.D. which is 1874 with 1215 males and 659 female students followed by Philosophy which has 1704 students. History has total number of 1631 students with 1045 male students and 586 female students. Political Science has total number of 1280 students enrolled in Ph.D. with 832 males and 448 females. Apart from these Sociology has 1235 students, Geography has 643 students, Public Administration has 230 students, Psychology has 872 students and Anthropology has 141 students enrolled for Ph.D. There are 4.94 lakh students enrolled in Social Science stream at PG level. The highest number of students is enrolled in History which is 98,791 with 52.29% of the male students. Political Science, Economics and Sociology have 79,735, 73,411, and 72,244 students respectively. The ratio of male students is high in all the courses except psychology and sociology representing 62.37% and 60.61% of female students respectively.

2.2.4    Gender Distribution
Taking a look at the Male-Female ratio at each level in Figure 8, the trend is of higher males than females in almost every level, except M.Phil. and Certificate, wherein, the female enrolment is slightly higher versus male enrolment. Student enrolment at both Under Graduate and Post Graduate levels has a similar trend with around 55% males and 45% females. Diploma has an unbalanced distribution with 70% males and 30% females. Similarly, Ph.D. and Integrated levels both have an unequal distribution with around 60% males and 40% females. PG Diploma student enrolment projects the most lopsided picture with 75% male students and 25% female students.

This majority trend of higher male enrolment than female enrolment of students is also seen across the levels in the state-wise distribution. The top 6 States are highlighted in Figure 9 in terms of highest total student enrolment are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh. However in terms of total number of Institutions the ranking of these States is slightly different with Maharashtra (7131) at top followed by Andhra Pradesh (5990), Uttar Pradesh (5631), Karnataka (4818), Tamil Nadu (3650) and Rajasthan (3267). It is interesting to note that these 6 States with highest student enrolment constitute nearly 59% of the total student enrolment in Indian States. Rest of the 28 States (including UTs) fall within only 41% of the total student enrolment. So inevitably, the male students in these 6 States is almost 59% of the total students enrolled and female students enrolled in these 6 States contributes to be nearly 58% of the total female students across India.

Uttar Pradesh, with its highest student enrolment in India, has 54% male and 46% female students. Among major States, Madhya Pradesh has the highest male student enrolment – 63% males and 37% females followed by Bihar with 60% Male Students. In Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu the male student enrolment is hovering around 55%. Another trend is seen in Kerala though with 59% female students and 41% male students enrolled. Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh and Meghalaya also have more female students i.e. nearly 54%, while male students are around 46% in both the States. Assam, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Puducherry have an almost equal percentage of male and female students.

2.2.5    Social Category -wise Distribution
The total Estimated Student enrolment is 2,91,84,331, out of which nearly 55% are male students and rest 45% are female students enrolled. State-wise and Category-wise estimated enrolment is given in Table 14. SC student enrolment is 12.2% of the total and the male-female ratio is similar to the All Category. On the other hand, students belonging to ST category constitute only 4.5% of the total student enrolment with 56% male students. 30.1% of the total students belong to OBC with 55% of male students.

2.2.6    Representation of Minority Students
Among Minority category, data on Muslims have been collected separately. According to the response received during the survey, 3.9% students belong to Muslim Minority and 1.9% from other Minority Community. Muslim Minority has more male students than females whereas other Minority has more females than males. State-wise number of students from Minority and PWD category is shown in Table 15.

2.2.7    Representation of PWD students

65552 PWD students are enrolled in higher education. Out of which, 37153 are Male and 28399 are Female students. Category-wise distribution of PWD student is shown in adjacent table which indicate that as compared to all SC, ST and OBC students, share of PWD students of these categories is very low particularly in ST category. Female participation among PWD students is highest in SC category with 123 females per 100 males followed by OBC (97). State-wise number of PWD students is given in Table 15.

2.2.8  Representation of Foreign Students
The total number of foreign national students enrolled in Indian Universities and Colleges are 33,151. Country-wise and level-wise foreign students in responding Institutions are given in Table 16. The foreign students come from 155 different countries from all across the globe. The top 10 countries of the foreign students are as in Figure 11. These 10 countries constitute 64% of the total foreign students enrolled. Rest of the 36% students comes from remaining 145 countries. Highest share of students come from the neighboring countries of which Nepal is 19% of the total, followed by Bhutan (8%), Iran (7%), Afghanistan (6.7%), Malaysia (5%). Sudan and Iraq constitutes 4.6% each and Sri Lanka, United States and UAE, constitutes 3.6%, 3% and 2.4% of the foreign students respectively. Moreover, among major contributors, only 2 countries Malaysia (61.8%) and Sri Lanka (56.4%) have more female students than male. United States and Iran have almost an equal share of male and female students. On the other hand, Afghanistan (88%), Sudan (91.8%) and Iraq (89.5%) have a considerably higher number of male students. Although maximum number of foreign students comes from Nepal, the maximum number enrolled in Ph.D is from Iran.

The highest numbers of students are enrolled in Undergraduate courses, that is, 76% of the total foreign students, followed by Post Graduate with about 18% enrolment. Enrolment in rest of the levels constitutes less than 3% (Figure 12). Foreign male students are higher in almost all the levels, except in M.Phil and Diploma where female students are higher than the male students. At Certificate level, the male-female students are almost 50% each. Ph.D., Post Graduate, Under Graduate and Integrated have more than 60% male foreign students. Lastly, in PG Diploma, the male students are 58% as against 42% female students (Figure 13).

Looking at the State-wise distribution, it can be seen that Karnataka has the highest number of students coming from foreign countries which is 12,058. Apart from Karnataka, Tamil Nadu (4866), Maharashtra (4242), Andhra Pradesh (3580), Delhi (1878), Uttar Pradesh (1725) and Punjab (1055) reflects more than 1,000 foreign students. State-wise and level-wise foreign students in responding Institutions are given in Table 17.

There are 15 programmes which are observing more than 1000 foreign students and accounts for more than 80% of the Students. Programme-wise number of foreign students in responding Institutions is given in Table 18. On the top we have B.Tech. with 2,874 students with 84.5% of male students. B.Com. is on 2nd top of the list with 2,582 students. The ratio of male-female student is 68:32. MBBS has total number of 2123 students with the higher percentage of female students (55.8%). B.Pharma has 2051 students with 74% male students. There are 1989 foreign students enrolled in B.Sc. out of which 64.1% are male students. BA has total number of 1959 students with 56.6% of male students. BCA has total number of 1921 students with 83% of male students. There are 1746 students enrolled in B.E. out of which 85% are male students. B.Sc. Nursing has 1583 students with the female percentage as 97.1%. BBA has total number of 1494 students out of which 66.3% are from male category. There is total number of 530 students enrolled in LLB with 54.2% male students. At the Post Graduation level, 1424 students are enrolled at M.A. level with 64.8% male students. M.Sc. has reported enrolment of 1483 students with 76.5% of male students. MBA has reported the enrolment of 1184 foreign students with 67.7% of male students. M.Com has total number of 227 students with 171 male students. At Ph.D. level, there are 908 students with male and female ratio of 68:32.

2.2.9    Enrolment in Distance Mode

Distance education has become one powerful medium of obtaining degrees for huge number of students who are staying in far off and remote areas and for whom accessing universities on regular basis is still a dream. Distance enrolment constitutes 11.7% of the total enrolment in higher education, of which 43.7% are female students. Level wise distribution of students under distance mode is given in the adjacent table. At all Levels share of male student is higher than females.

Looking at the State-wise variation, out of the total reported enrolled students pursuing studies through distance education, 6 States of India are providing education to around 73% of the students. These are Tamil Nadu with 19.1% of students, Andhra Pradesh with 16.8%, Delhi with 14.9%, Maharashtra with 10.8%, Karnataka with 6.4% and Madhya Pradesh with 5.4% of the share of students enrolled through Distance mode.

Distance Mode is mainly conducted by University and majority of the students (61%) enrolled in Universities and their Constituent units are studying under distance mode which can be seen from the adjacent table. At Post Graduate, Under Graduate, PG Diploma, Diploma and certificate level share of distance enrolment in university is 62%, 64%, 48%, 48% and 58% respectively.  Distance enrolment at Integrated level is negligible.

2.2.10  Enrolment in Stand-Alone Institutions

There is total number of 11,126 Stand Alone Institutions in India distributed with high variations among States. Type-wise distribution is shown in the Table 9. Out of 18,14,221 enrolled at several courses at stand-alone institutions 67% are males and 33% are females. Stand Alone Institutions are primarily meant for providing Diploma programmes.

There is total number of 3287 Polytechnics in India and out of them 2133 reported the data during the survey. The highest number of Polytechnics is in Maharashtra which is 1055 and out of them only 614 responded. There is total number of 12.77 lakh students enrolled in Polytechnics and out of them 82.35% are male students and the remaining females with very less participation of around 17%. There are seven States which have total number of 10.82 lakh of students in Polytechnics which makes it to 85% of the total students enrolled in India in Polytechnics. These states are Tamil Nadu with 3.67 lakh students, Maharashtra with 2.51 lakh students, Karnataka with 1.56 lakh students, Punjab with 91,701 students, Andhra Pradesh with 80,295 students Haryana with 71,291 students and Odisha with 64,932 students,. The number of male students is 3.33 lakh which is 90.8% of the total students enrolled in Polytechnic courses in Tamil Nadu which is highest from these top 7 States. The State at the second top is Maharashtra with the enrolment of 2.51 lakh students out of which 73.46% are male students. Karnataka has 77.2% of male students and 22.8% of female students from the total number of students enrolled which is 1.56 lakh. Punjab has recorded 91,701 students in Polytechnic courses with 86.93% of male students. Odhisa has 86.62% of male students, Andhra Pradesh has 74.14% of the male students and Haryana has 90.17% of the male students.

The total number of Nursing Institutions is 2577 and out of them only 1310 responded with the data which is 51% response rate. The total enrolment in nursing course is 1.53 lakh and out of them 84.65% are female students and 15.35% are male students. Top 3 States are Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala are contributing 72% of the students out of the total students enrolled in India for nursing. Karnataka has the highest number of students enrolled in nursing course with 48,249 students, followed by Andhra Pradesh with 44,423 students and Kerala with 17,223 students. Karnataka has the highest number of students enrolled in nursing course with 70.8% of female students; Andhra Pradesh has 97.02% of the female students. Kerala has 96.02% of the female students enrolled in nursing course which are highest in these top 3 States.

The total number of Teacher Training institutions are 4868 and out of them only 3155 responded with the data which makes the response rate 65%. The total number of students enrolled in teacher training course is 3.61 lakh at all India level. Out of them 38.15% are males and 61.85% are females. The top 5 States covering around 76% of the total students enrolled for teacher training course are Maharashtra with 1.04 lakh students followed by Uttar Pradesh with 70,249 students, Tamil Nadu with 42,155 students, Karnataka with 38,076 students and Andhra Pradesh with 20,506 students. The number of female students is high in all the States except Uttar Pradesh. Scenario of these top 5 States is as follows:

Maharashtra has 61.11% of female students, Karnataka has 71.1% of female students; Uttar Pradesh has only 53.56% of female students and Andhra Pradesh has 65.02% female students. Tamil Nadu has the highest number of female students. The percentage of female students is 86.75% which is highest in these top 5 States.

2.2.11  Representation of Private Sector

There are more than 70% colleges running in Private sector; aided and unaided taking together, but it caters only 62% of the total enrolment. It shows lower per college enrolment in private sector. State-wise enrolment in Private and Government Colleges as per response is given in Table 5(a).

Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in Higher education in India is 20.8, which is calculated for 18-23 years of age group. For Scheduled Castes it is 14.9 and for Scheduled Tribes it is 11% as compared to the national GER of 20.8.

GER for male population at all India level is 22.1 of the total population between the age group of 18-23 years whereas for SC Males it is 15.8 and 12.4 for ST males. At national level, GER of SC female is 13.9 and 9.7 for ST females in comparison to 19.4 of national level.

The GER for females in all categories is highest in Chandigarh with 54.4%. Delhi, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu and Uttarakhand also have GER of more than 30 for their female population. State-wise GER and GPI are shown in Table 19 and Table 20 respectively.

For international comparability, GER has also been calculated taking 18-22 years Population and it comes out to be 24.1 at All India Level.

The total number of teachers have been estimated to be 12,47,453 . Out of which more than half about 61% are male teachers and 39% are female teachers. The lowest gender proportion is recorded in Bihar where female teachers are more than  4.11 times lesser than the male staff 80.45% male and only  19.55% female teachers are reported; Arunachal Pradesh comes close second with  75.5% male teachers and  24.5 % female teachers, that is, more than  3 times lesser than the male staff. Odisha, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh have only 30% (approximately) female staff of the total teachers available in States. A few States Delhi, Chandigarh, Goa, Kerala and Meghalaya on the other hand have more female teachers than male teachers.

In terms of caste and religious minorities’ representation in teachers in varsities in India, the distribution is considerably leaning towards one category. At All-India level, teachers belonging to General category are more than half, that is  69.1% of the total number of teachers in India; OBC follows with  22.0%; while SC and ST with 6.9% and 2.0% respectively (Figure 20). Merely 2.9% teachers come from Muslim minority group, and 3.01% are other minorities. State-wise number of Teachers in various Socio-religious categories is given in Table 21 (a) and 21(b).

Out of the top 10 States, the leading 3 are Tamil Nadu with  8.34% SCs and  0.33% STs,  Andhra Pradesh with  10.8% SCs and  2.36% STs and Maharashtra with the highest  10.58 % SCs and   1.56% STs. It is also to be noted that within these categories, the number of female teachers is significantly lower than the male teachers.

As mentioned above, another significant representation in terms of gender distribution is the number of female teachers per 100 male teachers. At the all-India level there are merely 64 female teachers per 100 male teachers. Similarly, in SC category the female staff is only half that is 52 per 100 males; ST and OBC are same as total across India with 61 and 63 females per 100 males respectively. The Muslim minorities are only 51 female teachers per 100 male, but other minorities are inversely higher with 129 females per 100 male teachers. However, it is to be noted that female representation in teachers belonging to Persons with Disabilities (PWD) category is very low, that is, only  48 females per 100 male teachers.

Among various levels of posts, majority of teachers are of the level of Assistant Professor, followed by Associate Professor. The distribution is shown in Figure 23 and the number of female teachers per 100 male teachers at various levels is shown in Figure 24. The state-wise number of teacher at various levels with male and female wise break-up in responding institutions are given in Table 22. The higher the post, lower representation of female is clearly seen from the Figure.

The number of total teachers at University level is around 1.33 lakh out of which 68% are males and  32% are females. At college level, the number of teachers is 9.9 lakh with 60% of male teachers. In Standalone institutes, total number of teachers is 1.25 lakh with 59.96% male teachers. Looking at female per 100 male teachers, there are 39 teachers at University level, 63 female teachers per 100 male teachers at college and Stand Alone Institutions each.

In different types of Stand Alone Institutions, the number of female teachers per 100 male teachers is varying significantly as there are only 43 female teachers per 100 male teachers in Technical/ Polytechnic Institutions, 68 in Teacher Training, 89 in PGDM Institutions and 17 in Institutions under Ministries which is the lowest. Contrast to this, nursing courses has 496 female teachers per 100 male teachers which is the highest among all the types.

2.4.1    Pupil Teacher Ratio

Taking into account all types of Institutions (University, Colleges & Stand-Alone Institution), Pupil Teacher Ratio (PTR) at All India level comes out to be 23 and 21 if only regular enrolment is considered. In case of University and its Colleges PTR is slightly higher (24) whereas it is same if only regular mode students are taken. It has been observed that, PTR in University alongwith its Constituent Unit has improved significantly (16) in case of Regular Mode. However, it is very high (42) if Distance Enrolment is also taken. Looking at the State-wise variation, it is seen that there are a large variation among States. PTR is less than 10 in Dama & Diu and Puducherry and more than 40 in Bihar and Jharkhand.

Among top 6 States in terms of Enrolment, Uttar Pradesh has the highest PTR (30) followed by Maharashtra (22). State-wise details of PTR are given in Table 25. As regard to Type of University lowest PTR is observed in Government Deemed University (8) and higher than 50 in case of Central and State Public University. University Type wise detail is given in Table 31.

The non-teaching posts in responding Institutions are 8,00,934 and are divided into four groups – A, B, C and D. The share of Group-C is the highest with 39%, while Group-D seconds it with 33 %. Group-A and Group-B comprise of 14 and 16 per cent non-teaching posts respectively (Figure 27).

Looking at the male and female distribution in these non-teaching posts as in Figure 28, here we have a picture similar to that of teaching staff and student enrolment in India as the total male non-teaching staff is more than female staff, which is 73% as opposed to merely 27% female staff.

In group-wise posts, the non-teaching staffs have more male members in each group as shown in Figure 28. There are 70% males and 30% females in Group-A. Though the numbers are different in Group-B, the percentage distribution is the same. In Group-C the male share is 74 % as against 26% females, while in Group-D there are highest male staff members with 77% but only 23% females.

In U.P. the male staff share is the highest with 84% and only 16% females, while Gujarat is close second with% male staff and 20% female staff. Maharashtra is closely behind with 80% male staff and 20% female staff. Tamil Nadu also has a higher share of male staff with 62% and 38% females. Karnataka comes sixth in this ratio share with 65% male and 35% female staff posts. This same picture is reflected in the group-wise break up of data. Inversely, in Puducherry in Group-A female non-teaching staff is 53% slightly higher than male staff 47%. In Arunachal Pradesh in Group-A the ratio male: female is 18:1, while in Sikkim there are no females and only 6 male non-teaching staff posts. In Group-B and C Goa has a few numbers of female non-teaching staff higher than the male staff while Group-D has only male staff higher than female staff in all the States and Union Territories of India. State-wise number of non teaching staff in different groups in responding Institutions is given in Table 23.

In regard to Social category, 59.6% non teaching staffs are from General category, 24.5% are from OBC, 12.4% from Scheduled Caste and 3.5% are from Scheduled Tribe. State-wise number of non teaching staff in different categories in responding Institutions is given in Table 24.

The average number of females per 100 male non-teaching staff is 33.  The highest number of females is 61 from Other Minority Group and Muslims & PWD have the lowest number of females per 100 male non-teaching staff with 26 females. SC has 38, ST has 35 and OBC has 33 females, per 100 male non-teaching staff.

Among non-teaching staff, data was collected separately for the Library staff and Physical Education Staff. There are 53 females in library staff and 21 females in Physical Education staff per 100 male staff.  

2.6.1    Level-wise Out-Turn (Based on Actual Response)
Percentage share of student enrolment in different levels are shown in Figure 31. State-wise and level-wise Out-Turn is given in Table 34.
As per the response received in the survey total number of students awarded Ph.D level degree during 2011 is 21,459 with 13696 males and 7763 females. Uttar Pradesh has maximum number (3341) of Students awarding Ph.D. level degree followed by Tamil Nadu (3024) and Karnataka (1970). 54.69 lakh students have been Graduated and 11.14 lakh students passed Post-Graduation level.

2.6.2    Programme-wise Out-Turn (Based on Actual Response)
B.A. degree has been awarded to 20.77 lakh students which are the highest among all Programmes with the percentage of male as 46%. B.Com. is the second highest with 8.04 lakh students followed by B.Sc. (6.75 Lakh). B.Tech. and B.E, degree is awarded to 3.32 lakhs and 2.74 lakhs students respectively. 24621 students have been awarded with M.B.B.S. degree and out of which 11736 are females. At Post Graduate level M.A. pass number of students is maximum (4 lakh) followed by M.B.A. (2.05 lakhs) and M.Sc. (1.89 lakhs). About 50000 students have been awarded M.Tech/ M.E. degree in which share of male student is more than 60.  Programme-wise out-turn on the basis of actual response is given in Table 35.

2.6.3    Discipline-wise Out-Turn (Based on Actual Response)
The total number of pass-outs at Undergraduate Level in major discipline/subject based on actual response is given in Table 36. The highest number of students has been graduated in Arts/ Humanities/ Social Sciences courses. The total number of students passed-out in this are 22.7 lakh out of which 47% are males and 53% are females. Commerce is second major stream with 8.03 lakh students passed-out followed by Science with 6.52 lakh students. 5.5. lakh students have been graduated in Engineering and Technology stream. In Medical Science stream, there are 1.73 lakh students who have been awarded Under Graduate degree.

At Ph.D level, maximum number of students out-turn is in Science stream (5393) followed by Social Science (4215). On the other hand at PG level maximum students out-turn is observed in Social Science stream (2.09 lakh) and Science comes at number two with 1.06 lakhs students. In Engineering & Technology and Medical Science stream out-turns are 51895 and 54043 students respectively.  It is interesting to note here that at Under Graduate level ratio between these two streams is 3:1 whereas at PG level it becomes 0.96:1. Enrolment in major discipline/subject at Ph.D, PG and M.Phill level based on actual response is given in Table 37.

There are 11 types of universities and the level wise enrolment each type of universities, teaching departments and constituent universities/off-campus centres are given in Table 26. Total numbers of students enrolled are 55.2 lakhs. In Institutes of National Importance and Government Deemed universities share of Ph.D. students are large. Share of female students is lowest in Institutions of National Importance followed by Government deemed universities are State Private Universities whereas the share is highest in Institutes under State Legislature Act. Share of female students in Central and State Public Universities are approximately 45%.

Level-wise enrolment in affiliated and constituent colleges of Central and Open universities are given in Table 26B. Categories wise enrolment in various types of universities is given in Table 27. In Table 28 enrolment in PWD and minority enrolment in various types of universities are given. There are wide variations in representations of different categories in various types of universities. In State Open Universities representation of SC/ST/OBC and General is high as shown in the chart.

There are 1.33 lakh teachers in various types of University/Teaching departments and their constituent units/off-campus universities, out of them 42.8 thousand are female. Among various types of universities, Private universities in general have larger proportion of female teachers. In State Public universities, the proportion of undergraduate enrolment is less than 50% whereas in the Central universities it is more than 75%.

Table 41 shows the State-wise enrolment in different type of University/Teaching departments and their constituent units/off-campus universities, which is around 55.16 lakh with contribution of male as 33.22 lakh (60%) and female with 21.94 lakh (40%).

CHAPTER 3 – ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY
Three Categories of Higher Educational Institutions, namely University, College, Stand-Alone Institution are identified and surveyed. Since there is large variation in terms of structure, programme, student enrolment etc. among universities and data from more than 90% of these have been collected, no estimation has been done in case of University. List of Stand-Alone Institutions as already indicated is not firm and States are revising it frequently. Keeping this in view no estimation has been done for such Institutions also. Only Colleges enrolment and number of Teachers has been estimated at All India Level and State level, by adopting sampling technique assuring the sufficiency of sample in different stratum, Levels of Programme being the Strata. In case of teaching staff, post has been used as stratum. Methodology for estimation has been described in subsequent sections.

Colleges, the Affiliated Colleges and the Off-Campus Centres were required to fill DCF-II. Constituent units of University, primarily of Private and Deemed Universities, which are integral part of University, have also been listed by these Universities as Constituent College. However, DCF-II for such units were not required to be filled. For Recognised Centres, in normal cases, DCF-II have not been filled, but in a few cases where these are independent institutions, DCF-II have been filled.

1. Affiliated College
2. Constituent College
3. PG and off. Campus Centre
4. Recognised Centre

In bracket, numbers of such institutions during AISHE 2011-12 are given. State-wise number of colleges of different types is given in Table 38.

Although intended to cover the entire population, approximately 60% colleges’ data could be collected and thus to have an idea of total College’s enrolment and number of Teachers, estimation adopting proper sampling methodology, was required. Constituent Colleges are mainly located in Bihar, Jharkhand and Maharashtra and most of them have uploaded the data. Therefore, enrolment and teachers for Constituent Colleges including constituent units of University has not been estimated   For PG/Off-Campus Centres and for Recognised Centres also no estimation has been made. During 2011-12 survey, DCF-II for only  PG/Off-campus centres and  Recognised centres have been filled.

Thus for only affiliated colleges, enrolment and number of teachers has been estimated based on the Stratified Sampling technique. Post-Stratification has been done, after the survey for the year 2011-12 is closed.
 
Affiliated Colleges has been divided into two strata; one is Lagre College and other Small college. Large Colleges are those, which have enrolment of 3000 or more and the remaining are Small colleges. In absence of a priori information, it has been assumed that all large colleges have uploaded the data i.e. in the population the number of large colleges is equal to the number of such colleges that have uploaded DCF-II. Thus, we have avoided over estimation of enrolment of colleges. Average enrolment at a particular Level for the colleges of a particular University has been taken to estimate the enrolment of all colleges of that University. Further, for those Universities, where affiliated colleges’ response was less than 10%, state level averages have been used. This method was used as within a university there is homogeneity in nature of colleges. The Estimation formula is given at Annexure-7.

Based on the methodology explained above, state-wise total enrolment in colleges at different levels are given in Table 10. Actual enrolment in case of Affiliated Colleges, Constituent Colleges, PG/Off-Campus Centres and Recognised Centres are shown in Table 8.

For estimating number of Teachers, only those colleges have been taken into account for which enrolment has been estimated i.e. small colleges (enrolment<3000). The estimation has been done for the post of Reader/ Associate Professor and Lecturer/ Assistant Professor. Average number of teachers at these two levels for the colleges of a particular University has been taken to estimate the number of teachers of all colleges of that University. Further, for those Universities, where affiliated colleges’ response was less than 10%, state level averages have been used. This method was used as within a university there is homogeneity in nature of colleges. The Estimation formula is given at Annexure-7.